Down-regulation of β-expansin 1a precursor and cellulose synthase only in P. annua, suggesting that NaHCO 3 disrupts the ion homeostasis in P. Putative homologs of transporters such as high-affinity potassium transporters and zinc-induced facilitator-like 1 were also down-regulated in P. Metal-nicotianamine transporter YSL (yellow stripe 1-like) transports Fe-chelated phytosiderophore complexes from rhizosphere into root cells. Overexpression of OsNAS2 led to a higher tolerance of Fe deficiency and to high pH, and gene expression of NAAT was reported to be induced by Fe deficiency in barley. NASs and NAATs are involved in synthesis of phytosiderophores, which are members of the mugineic acid family. High pH and HCO 3 − ion have been suggested to impede the solubility of Fe in the rhizosphere and plant apoplast, making Fe unavailable for plant cells. Bicarbonate stress induces Fe chlorosis in plants. Down-regulated transcripts included homologs of iron-phytosiderophore transporter, nicotianamine aminotransferase A ( NAAT-A) and nicotianamine synthase ( NAS). Transcripts involved in metal acquisition and homeostasis were down-regulated only in P. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase at2g19210-like Probable WRKY transcription factor 70-like It is also possible that the contigs that yielded the same BLAST hits are actually orthologs or splice variants. Because our goal was to identify the kinds of genes that are differentially regulated by bicarbonate stress, we concluded that multiple counts of the same gene products would have less effect on our results than the occurrence of trans chimeras. Setting stringent parameters for assembly also helped to reduce the number of chimeras, although it also resulted in the frequent appearance of possibly the same gene products in the up- and down-regulated genes lists. Although rRNA removal tools and PCR duplicate removal tools have not been commonly used in other transcriptome studies, in the present study, they seemed to reduce the number of trans chimeras in the up- or down-regulated contigs. tenuiflora or are shared with sensitive species.ĭe novo assembly of the reads obtained in the first RNA-seq revealed the presence of many trans chimeras that were later incorrectly assigned as up- or down-regulated genes, probably as the result of high expressions of rRNAs. However, it is unclear whether these responses are specific to P. EST, microarray and proteomics analyses have identified genes in various categories (metabolism, transcription regulation, signal transduction, transport etc.) that are presumably involved in the responses of P. tenuiflora genes that are presumably involved in the response to alkaline salt stress have been cloned and characterized. tenuiflora also accumulates and exudes citric acid under alkaline salt stress, and secretes it from the roots, where it may adjust the pH of the rhizosphere. tenuiflora is able to maintain high photosynthetic activity under low NaCl stress, possibly through the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, its leaves exude salts with wax through the stomata. tenuiflora is able to maintain a high K +/Na + ratio due to a high K +/Na + selectivity of its plasma membrane and a high ability to limit Na + influx in the roots. It is tolerant to both neutral and alkaline salts, and its tolerance mechanisms have been extensively studied. is a graminaceous plant found in saline-alkali soil in Songnen Plain, China. tenuiflora suggests that the genes regulating bicarbonate tolerance are constitutively expressed in P. The smaller number of the genes differentially regulated in P. Homologs of the genes involved in Fe acquisition, which are important for the survival of plants under alkaline stress, were up-regulated in P. NaHCO 3 stress resulted in greater than two-fold absolute expression value changes in 157 of the P. For each species, the reads of both unstressed and stressed samples were combined for de novo assembly of contigs. We obtained 28 and 38 million reads for P. ![]() tenuiflora and a related bicarbonate-sensitive Poeae plant, Poa annua, to two days of 20 mM NaHCO 3 stress by RNA-seq analysis. tenuiflora compared to bicarbonate sensitive species, we examined the responses of P. To identify the genes which are determining the higher tolerance of P. ![]() Puccinellia tenuiflora is an alkaline salt-tolerant monocot found in saline-alkali soil in China.
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